Knowledge Illuminated Through the Ages
The foundational treatise on optics, revolutionizing the understanding of light, vision, and the nature of the human eye through empirical experimentation.
The duty of a man who investigates the writings of scientists is to make himself an enemy of all that he reads.
The Canon of Medicine — a comprehensive medical encyclopedia that served as the authoritative medical text across Europe and the Islamic world for six centuries.
The knowledge of anything, since all things have causes, is not acquired or complete unless it is known by its causes.
The birth of algebra — this manuscript introduced systematic methods for solving linear and quadratic equations, giving the world 'algebra' and 'algorithm' as words.
What is easiest and most useful in arithmetic, such as men constantly require in cases of inheritance, legacies, partition, lawsuits, and trade.
The Incoherence of the Philosophers — a rigorous philosophical critique challenging Aristotelian metaphysics, catalyzing centuries of theological and philosophical debate.
A grievous crime indeed against religion has been committed by the man who imagines that Islam is defended by the denial of the mathematical sciences.
The Sultan's Astronomical Tables — the most accurate star catalog of the pre-telescopic era, cataloguing 1,018 stars with remarkable precision from the Samarkand observatory.
Religion disperses like fog, kingdoms perish, but the works of scholars remain for an eternity.
The Prolegomena — a towering work of historiography introducing the concept of 'asabiyyah (social solidarity), and founding the disciplines of sociology and economics centuries before the West.
History is the record of human society itself, or world civilization; of the changes that take place in the nature of that society.